The individual fibres are mainly polygonal, with rounded corners and oval to round lumens (Figure 5) [Hearle 1963]. Because of these properties, linen is comfortable to wear in hot weather and is valued for use in garments. Untreated and alkali treated fibres were used for composite preparation and influence of fibre content on composite properties was studied. P.Davis et al. The tensile strength is 0.84 cN/dtex (93.3 MPa), Young’s module 4 GPa, and breaking elongation 1.2% [Mwaikamno 2001]. Linen fiber is relatively smooth, straight and lustrous, linen fiber is more brittle and less flexible than cotton.It is more difficult to prepare and spin into yarn. Introduction. Some examples are: aspen fibre, abaca fibre, bagasse fibres, bamboo fibre (BF), banana fibre, etc. Like cotton, flax fibre is a cellulose polymer, but its structure is more crystalline, making it stronger, crisper and stiffer to handle, and more easily wrinkled. As a kind of abundant and renewable agricultural residue, corn (Zea mays L.) stover, that refers a combination of corn stalk (stem) and leaf, could be a low-cost and sustainable source for energy and chemicals in future. In the UK the flax plant is normally sown in March-May and may grow to one-metre high dependent on the variety (there are 180 species [21]). The fiber is white bast that develops in the pericycle. The average degree of polymerisation is 6600 [Fengel 1986]. Individual fibre cells in stems are bound together in fibre bundles by waxes, hemicelluloses, lignin and pectins that are difficult to remove (Figure 7). Individual fibres with the diameter around 5μm and approximately circular cross section were mechanically extracted from sea grass Zostera marina. jute, hemp or coir. Flax. Man-made fibres are those that are not present in nature, although they may be composed of naturally-occurring materials. Ramie fibres are extracted from the stem of the plant Boehmeria nivea of the nettle family. With an exception of seeds’ and fruits’ fibres, plant fibres are sclerenchyma elongated cells which occur in different parts of plants, mainly in the stems and leaves. Main pathways for functionalizaton of fibres are: inclusion of functional additives (inorganic particles, polymers, organic compounds); chemical grafting of additives on the surface of fibres and coating of fibres with layers of functional coatings. List of Plant Fibers. corn, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley, sugarcane, pineapple, banana and coconut, etc. Leaves which reach up to 1m are rich with fibres [Belkhir 2012]. Fibres from Musaceae maturate rachis: The fibrous structure of agro-industrial residues of two different types of Musaceae maturate waste rachises (banana -Musa AAA, cv ‘Valery’ and Musa AAB, cv ‘Dominico Harton’) has been studied by Gañán et al. It is a fast growing perennial plant from poaceae family that grows in North Africa and southeast Spain. Cross section of a Trefoil stem is presented on Fig.15. Linum angostifolium, the wild ancestor of flax, can be found from the Black Sea to the Canary Islands. Quinoa originates from Andes in South America and it belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Cotton. The fibre cross-section changes from a beanlike shape at the butt end to rounded form at the tip end of the fibres. … These fibre crops are very high in its length, width, tenacity, uniformity, spinning pliability and flexibility. Many traditions are associated with this useful plant. The microbial resistance of cotton is low, it burns readily and quickly, can be boiled and sterilized, and does not cause skin irritation or other allergies [Lewin 1998, Cook 1993]. Plant fibre is composed mainly of cellulose and cellulose fibres are most commonly used to make paper and cloth. 2. /Contents 4 0 R Linum flax has been actively cultivated for fibre, linseed oil and its many derivatives (including such materials as linoleum) since Babylonian days. The length of fibres varies between 6 – 65 mm, but on average they are about 20 mm long. The absolute density of a kapok cell wall is 1.474 g/cm3, whilst the density of fibres by considering about 74% of lumen is only 0.384 g/cm3 [Cook 2006]. The fibre is obtained from the stalk of a plant (Linum Usitatissimum - A literal translation is "linen most useful.") Question 5. Due to fibres properties and low cost, cotton represents the most used textile fibre in the world. Currently bast fibres are raw materials not only used for the textile industry but also for modern environmentally friendly composites used in different areas of applications like building materials, particle boards, insulation boards, food, cosmetics, medicine and source for other biopolymers etc. Flax fibres are amongst the strongest in the group of naturally occurring fibres (55 cN/tex and about 20% stronger in wet state), but they do not stretch much. Researchers are suggesting two groups of fibrous structures: the first at the microscopic level formed by conducting tissues, fibre bundles and their elementary fibres, and the second at nanoscopic or ultrastructural level where cellulose microfibrils are grouped in microfibril bundles. Question 6. The use, production or properties of natural cellulose fibres from hop stems was studied by Reddy and Yang [Reddy 2009]. Recently natural and made-man polymer fibres are used for preparation of functionalised textiles to achieve smart and intelligent properties. reported about Baltic species of Zostera marina which was collected on the German Baltic coast. The diameter of the cell varies considerably from 16 to 50 μm, with broad flat lumen. Unidirectional isora fibre reinforced polyester composites were prepared by compression moulding. It also has other distinctive characteristics, notably its tendency to wrinkle. 3 0 obj Many plant fibres are produced as field crops. The cross section of fibres (Figure 3) is oval to round. The Flax Crop Production page Properties of some non-conventional plant fibres [Reddy 2005]. Individual fibre diameters range from 14 to 50 μm and the lengths from 2.5 to 13 mm [Hearle 1963]. Lignocellulosic agricultural by-products are a promising and beneficial source for cellulose fibres. Parenchyma cells separate fibre bundles from each other. obtained from the fruit of the plant known as the cotton balls it burst open after maturing.after that cotton is handipicked. Cornstalks as a potential for fibres extraction were studied by Reddy and Yang [Reddy 2005/2]. However, the two diffraction maxima of 101, 10-1 reflections at diffraction angles 14 and 160, respectively, typical for native cellulose are not pronounced. Cotton. However, the crystalline dimorphism of cellulose and the existence of two families of native cellulose were confirmed lately. An important amount of vascular bundles that were formed by conducting tissues and fibre bundles was observed on rachis cross sections. It was observed that the pre-treatment process conditions the fibre content for achieving optimum composites mechanical properties [Joshy 2007]. Which of the following fibre is not obtained from animals? Microfibrillar orientation is different for different types of cellulose native fibres. Chemical composition of ramie fibres is: cellulose (91-93%), hemicelluloses (2.5%), pectin (0.63%) and lignin (0.65%). the best in the group of bast fibres (45-88 cN/tex) and, as most of the natural cellulose fibres the strength increases by 25% when fibres are wet. Polymers including high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE) polypropylene (PP) polyether ether ketone (PEEK), have been reported as matrices [Li 2007]. Fibre dimensions were measured on microscopy images. Their diameter is about 20 μm. In addition to they were water treated, respectively. Fibers obtained from white flower flax are harder, so they have a low value, as opposed to purple flower flax. Fig. For the isolation of elementary grass fibres different processes were used. The tensile properties of sisal fibres are not uniform along its length. Cotton 2. Cellulose produces long, … It is an important source of minerals and vitamins, and has also been found to contain compounds like polyphenols, phytosterols, and flavonoids with possible nutraceutical benefits [Abugoch 2009]. Due to the imperfect axial orientation of the fibrillar aggregates, interfibrillar and intrafibrilar voids and less ordered interlinking regions between the crystallites inside the elementary fibrils the pore system of cellulose fibres is formed. There is some evidence for the existence of others [Krässig1992, Lewin 1998]. Like cotton, flax fibre is a cellulose fibre, however its structure is more crystalline, making it stronger, and stiffer to handle, and more easily wrinkled. Kapok fibres are 10–35 mm long, with a diameter of 20–43 μm. The use of flax for weaving into "linen" cloth dates back to the Egyptian dynasties over four thousand years ago and from the latter part of the Middle Ages it became the most commonly used textile material in Europe. It has remarkable nutritional properties; not only from its protein content (15%) but also from its great amino acid balance. Flax and ramie. Quinoa plant and its stem are shown on Figure 9. The tensile strength and elastic modulus decreased with increasing temperature up to 2000C. Flax fibre is extracted from the bast or skin of the stem of the flax plant. Cotton is hydrophilic and the fibres swell considerably in water. By fibre isolation procedures mainly technical fibres are obtained, which means that cellulose fibres are multicellular structures with individual cells bound into fibre bundles. Stronger fibres extraction conditions remove most of the binding substances resulting in single cells that are too small to be used for high value fibrous applications. stream reported about fibres which were obtained from untreated stems by mechanical isolation. It is one of the traditional fibres used in the textile industry. Flax fiber is botanically known as “Linum usitatissimum”. Explain the process of making yarn from fibre. But, a combined microbial and chemical treatment is very effective and economical. Type # 1. The fine structure and mechanical properties of fibres within a maturing vascular bundle of moso bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens was studied by Wang with co-workers [Wang 2012]. Other fibres of this group (kapok, floss from milkweed, dandelion, and thistle fibres) are not generally spun into yarns, but are utilized mainly as staffing in pillows and mattresses, and for life belts [Hearle1963]. 4 0 obj It is an annual plant with bundles of elementary fibre cells bound by pectin middle lamellae. In recent years because of the interest for alternative renewable resources, hemp gained again relevance. Pulp properties, chemical composition and cell wall architecture was researched. There are about 200 species of Linum. It also contains smaller quantities of starch, about 2.1% of proteins, and inorganic substances, notably iron (1.3–2.5%). Fibres cross-section form depends on variety, plant growth conditions and maturity. Elementary fibres are thick walled and the cross-section of fibres is polygonal with rounded edges (Figure 6). The ~1 meter long so-called technical fibers are isolated from the flax plant for the use in textile industry. This characteristic results in compounding difficulties leading to non-uniform dispersion of fibres within the matrix which influences composite properties. The species that is cultivated most extensively is L. usitatissimum, an annual plant grown for its fiber and seed. Geometrical dimensions of these fibres, especially the fibre length depends mainly on fibre location within the plant. The fibrillar structure model is accepted for cellulose native and man made fibres however, there are some differences in the structural arrangement between different types of these fibres [Krässig 1992]. For extraction of fibres different isolation procedures are possible, e.g. Flax is an annual plant, which means it only lives for one growing season. Fibers may occur in almost any part of a plant: stems, leaves , fruits, seeds, etc. Name any two things got from coconut fibre Answer: Ropes and Mats. flax, hemp, etc. << The quality of flax depends on the growing conditions, the age of the plant, and fibre processing. Microfibrillar angle MFA of bamboo is 20-100, of coir 410-450, of flax 100, of jute 80, of ramie 7.50, of sisal fibres 200 [Blackburn 2005] and of cotton 20-300 [Morton 1993]. Linen is very strong and absorbent, and dries faster than cotton. Therefore it was not suitable for papermaking, while morphological characteristics of fibres from corn stalk rind were appropriate as papermaking materials. b. Flax is one of the oldest textile fibers. The disadvantages of some cellulose fibres are: lower modulus of elasticity, high moisture absorption, decomposition in alkaline environments, they are susceptible to biological attack, variable mechanical and physical properties. Environmental friendly fibres extracted from bamboo, which is renewable, fast growing, degradable, and does not occupy cultivated land are economically efficient and especially useful to grow in hilly areas. (G. arboreum, G. barbadense, G. berbaceum and G. hirsutum). Comparing chemical structure of hemp, jute and bamboo, lignin and hemicellulose contents in bamboo are far higher than that of the flax fibres, and almost as much as that of the jute fibres (Hemicellulose content: bamboo 12.49%, jute 13.53%, flax 11.62; lignin content: bamboo: 10.15%, jute 13.30%, flax 2.78%). The cells are long with pointed ends. The bundles are connected by lateral ramification, which forms a three dimensional network. 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