These costly inputs may go as a waste after the floods resulting from heavy rains. The actual yield you get depends on the crop’s maximum potential yield, which may in turn be reduced by: Any mismatch in the crop’s climate and soil adaptations compared to the actual climate/soil conditions that it’s grown in. Unfortunately, the credit agencies in India, generally, serve the larger farmers who are economically well off and politically well connected. In the tra­dition bound Indian society, the efficiency of extension machinery determines largely the efficiency of the producers. The yield potential of these varieties was greater in the temperate regions of Asia and in the dry season in the monsoon region than in the humid tropics, because of the longer hours of sunshine and hence the greater potential photosynthesis available to the plant. Kailash C. Samal, Gyana Ranjan Rout, in Genetic Engineering of Horticultural Crops, 2018. It substantially increased food production worldwide and helped to cope with ever increasing hunger of human beings worldwide. A few fruits have been obtained in the cross involving Alpinia neutans; in other crosses no seeds were set (Parameswar, 1997). Consequently, the HYV in such areas either could not be diffused or they are not performing satisfactorily. Harvesting fully mature kernels at moisture content < 25% w.b. Barley also requires reasonably high levels of management with a good herbicide and fungicide programme to achieve yields. Efficient transport and nearness to the market reduce the cost of transportation of the bulky and perishable agricultural commodities. In case the farmer does not possess the operational capital, he should have an easy access to credit. Availability of electric power which is the nucleous of all technological development is imperative for multiple cropping under the HYV programme. As a matter of fact, electric power has a vital role in the development and extension of HYV. Adoption of new needs and intensification of agri­culture in the subtropical countries like India (characterized with er­ratic monsoon) are not possible unless adequate irrigation facilities are available. The transgenic approach provides a novel way for rice breeders to use genes other than those from rice and its relatives. The new seeds require water at specific periods of growth, development and flowering. Root hairs of Chenopodium murale L. released allelochemicals (Dmitrovic et al., 2014), which disturbed cell growth cycles and caused oxidative damage to wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The agrarian institutions like banks and cooperative credit societies have great responsibili­ties. The recom­mended dose of chemical fertilizer for the new seeds of wheat and rice in terms of NPK in 90-45-45 kg per hectare. The cost of these losses amounts to Rs. Varieties for animal feed have wider genetic background and their ratios of Indica and Japonica vary from one variety to another. high-yield - yielding a large amount of agricultural or industrial production. It was estimated that 200 g of Golden Rice could give 100% of the recommended daily allowance of vitamin A; therefore, it has great potential for solving vitamin A deficiency related diseases, such as blindness, in developing countries. Among them, transgenic plants with the insecticidal gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) might be the best example on agronomical improvement. Simply put, crop yield is the Among these pests, weeds contribute maximum losses in crop production, which may potentially reduce production of crops by 34%, followed by animal pests (18%) and pathogens (16%). Parthasarathy, D. Prasath, in Handbook of Herbs and Spices (Second Edition), Volume 1, 2012. Already, 16 PAU recommended high yield varieties are being sown in Punjab, which includes PAU developed varsities (both long and short duration) like PMH-1, PMH -2, PMH 11, Parkash-1. Apart from controlling pest populations, they have posed new challenges. It is High yielding varieties. This is not so in case of traditional varieties. In addition to feeding humans, we also need plant-based crops to feed livestock and use for bio-energy. The principal characteristic of the HYVs were their high response to chemical fertilizers. The new varieties introduced since the first HYVs are now often referred to as MVs (modern varieties). A Bt transgenic potato plant resistant to potato tuber moth was developed by transferring the cry1Ab gene under a granule-bound starch synthase promoter (Kumar et al., 2010). The farmers of Punjab and that of the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab (Meerut Division) are unanimous in their opinion that HYV of wheat and rice give double the yields per unit area, provided timely irriga­tion is made. After irrigation, chemical fertilizer is the second most important input required for the successful cultivation of HYV. Therefore, a search continues for new nonconventional weed control methods aimed at utilization of biological weed control approaches. Advances in genetics and genomics have fostered a revolution in genome-level understanding of crops (Cooper et al., 2004; Nelson et al., 2004; Moose and Mumm, 2008). Once a village is linked with a town by a metalled road, its economy undergoes a remarkable transformation. high-yield variety Crop that has been specially bred or selected to produce more than the natural varieties of the same species. Irrigation is the most important input required for the successful cul­tivation of HYV. The amount of pesticides used worldwide for pest control increased by 15–20-fold in the last 50 years (Oerke, 2006). Crop genotypes play a dominant role in crop production systems. Many wild species of plants, animals, and microorganisms emerged as pests of crop plants due to destruction of their natural habitats. In a region like the Indo-Gangetic plain where agriculture is being practiced for over the last 8000 years the soils are depleted and are in­creasingly losing their resilient characteristics. The problem may be tackled either by developing the dis­ease resistant seeds or by spraying insecticides and pesticides at the prescribed schedules devised for different crops. Medson Chisi, Gary Peterson, in Sorghum and Millets (Second Edition), 2019. For example, the new seeds are less resistant to droughts and floods and need an efficient management of water, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesti­cides. Several insecticidal Bt genes have been transformed into various types of rice, and all showed great potential for controlling the most important insect pests in rice. Tillage deteriorated soil structure, oxidized organic matter, and produced compaction layers in the subsoil. There should, therefore, be a perfect understanding and coordination between farm­ers, extension agents, farm supervisors, researchers and agricultural scientists. The old mills and factories are unable to handle the increased supplies of wheat and rice. To achieve this objective, intergeneric crosses were made using Ammomum subulatum, Alpinia neutans, Hedychium flavascene and Hedychium coronarium as male parents. OMAFRA Field Crop Team March 13, 2018 6142 Comments Off on High Yield Wheat! Indirect methods involve utilizing such cultural practices and preventive measures which reduce germination, growth, vigor, and reproductive capacity of weeds. Maximizing the number of plants in a given space is a high-yield method. The storage period of tomatoes could be addressed by a specific approach called RNA-based interference technology or RNAi. The associated inputs like chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides also perform satisfactorily only if timely irrigation is pro­vided to the crop. The list of 310 new crop varieties includes two bacterial leaf blight disease resistant rice (Pusa 1592 and Punjab Basmati-3), one blast disease resistant variety of rice (Pusa 1609), seedless variety of Nagpur orange, high temperature tolerant garden pea (Arka HYV are water thirsty. In 2009, Bt eggplant was approved for commercialization in India, but the Indian government continues to impose a moratorium on its release because of public resentment (Jain, 2010). Because tomatoes are susceptible to changes in climate, they have autocatalytic activities of ethylene during their ripening period. The three new yam varieties were released based on slow rate of oxidation, ability to be eaten in pounded form, high yield, and high dry matter content. It grows Any lapse on the part of cultivator in the application of inputs may reduce the production and productivity substantially. Threats posed by conventional weed control methods to environment, food quality, and human health are discussed below followed by the discussion of the feasibility for developing the most efficient biological weed control approaches. Looking for abbreviations of HYV? Direct methods employ all the techniques primarily aimed at weed control (Shad, 2015), including manual, mechanical, chemical, and biological. Apart from efficient transport and infrastructural facilities, mod­ern flour mills and rice husking factories need to be located at appro­priate location. A brief discussion on the inputs and infrastructure requirements for HYV is imperative to ascertain the myth and reality of the success of the Green Revolution in India. Every individual on earth has pesticide residues in their body, which have caused chronic diseases leading to death in human beings (Annett et al., 2014). The highest yields are achieved in areas of well-managed irrigation and with adequate amounts of chemical fertilizers. MiR156 targets an important gene in fruit ripening, colorless never ripe (CNR), as reported by Molesini et al. Various types of proteinase inhibitors such as potato protease inhibitors II, cowpea trypsin inhibitors(CpTi), etc. Bt toxin is a crystal insecticidal protein (δ-endotoxin) produced from the cryo gene of a spore-forming soil bacterium B. thuringiensis. Studies shows the role of microRNAs in tomato fruit development and ripening (Meli et al., 2010; Molesini et al., 2012; Karlova et al., 2013). Cultivation of perishable crops like vegetables, fruits and dairy products can also be done efficiently and profitably if elaborate transport, marketing and storage facilities are available. BARLEY – High yield forage with good levels of energy, starch and effective fibre. Each year, insects destroy about 25% of food crops worldwide. These vines only spread a few feet. High-yielding varieties are frequently also high-maintenance varieties. Weeds may potentially reduce the yield of wheat up to 23% (18%–29%) worldwide but due to weed management practices actual losses account for 7.7% (3%–13%) (Oerke, 2006). Sharda Choudhary, ... Radheshyam Sharma, in Genetic Engineering of Horticultural Crops, 2018. Availability of capital is also a vital constraint in the adoption and successful cultivation of HYV. The irrigation fields enriched with heavy energy input of NPK create a micro climate (hot and humid) in the field which helps in the luxurious growth of plants. Since the 1970s Chinese farmers have used hybrid rice seed. The new seeds are very delicate and highly susceptible to pests and disease. In order to get a satisfactory agricultural return, the farmer should be in a posi­tion to arrange the costly inputs on time for which sufficient surplus capital should be available. Any slackness in the work of agricultural machinery may make the agriculture a less profitable pursuit. The experts and re­searchers who attempted to assess the role of human element in the adoption of agricultural innovations found great variations in the ag­ricultural practices and yield levels of different farmers living within a micro region of a village. High yielding varieties of maize have also proved successful and to a lesser extent new varieties of sorghum. Proteinase inhibitors have been found very effective in controlling the growth and development of many insects by inactivating serine proteinase enzymes of the insect (Larry and Richard, 2002). Yield and yield consistency: select soybean varieties that are high yielding in public and private variety trials. Certain weeds have also been reported to produce allelochemicals which suppress root and shoot growth of crop plants. Content Guidelines 2. Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. So, a variety which has a yielding capacity of 104 is deemed to be 4% better yielding than the control varieties. They were also short with a stiff straw, and so, unlike the tall traditional varieties, did not lodge with higher yields. Many farmers, especially those in environments where high-yield crop and livestock varieties do not prosper, rely on a wide range of crop and livestock types. Similarly, in 1970-72, large uncovered piles of wheat accumulated at the rail­way stations of Punjab and Haryana were damaged due to the un­timely heavy rain falls in the month of May. Qingyao Shu, Dianxing Wu, in Reference Module in Food Science, 2016. The Bt cry protein is nontoxic to humans and animals, but toxic to insects (BANR, 2000). New crop varieties tolerate disease better, are better adapted to local conditions, and generally produce higher yields. Apart from canals, the government tube wells, pumping sets and tube wells installed by the farmers are necessary to fulfill the water demand of the new seeds. It is a potent insecticide and very much toxic to lepidopterans (Cohen et al., 2000), dipterans (Andrews et al., 1987), and coleopterans (Herrnstadt et al., 1986). soil moisture requirements during the various stages of growth of crop cannot be controlled. Grigg, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. In the areas exclusively dependent on rains (Brahmaputra Val­ley) and in the dry farming areas (Rajasthan, Marathwada, etc.) Plagiarism Prevention 4. Content Filtrations 6. This resulted into heavy losses to the farmers of the region. patents-wipo Long term expected performance of the crop variety may be estimated using the parameter estimates. The traditional plough and bullock- carts are less efficient to finish the agricultural operations on time. The Bt gene encodes the delta-endotoxin highly toxic to lepidopteran insects. Transgenic rice plants with Bt gene have proven to be highly resistant to all lepidopterans, including stem borers such as yellow stem borer, striped stem borer and pink stem borer, and rice leaf folders in field trials. The mechaniza­tion of agriculture also helps in the judicious utilization of comple­mentary inputs like irrigation water, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides. Disclaimer 9. The highest β-carotene content reached 1.6 μg per g in rice grains. Even in the years of droughts (1987-88 and 1988-89), the farmers could harvest very good crops of paddy with the help of canal and tube well irrigation. High Yielding Varieties Seeds are undoubtedly land substituting, water economizing, more la­bour using, and employment generating innovation; nevertheless, they are very delicate and sensitive and therefore require a great deal of care if a successful harvest is to be obtained. TOS 7. Similarly, the Jats, Saini and Gadas of western Uttar Pradesh are more enter­prising and receptive to new innovations in agriculture. The danger of pests and insects may be reduced by using plant protection chemicals. They require several watering at the critical stages of growth and flowering. To overcome these problems, development of resistant crop varieties through a transgenic approach will contribute to a reduction in pest attack and decrease the use of chemical insecticides (Slater et al., 2003). Among many useful aids which increase the efficiency of the farmers are seed-cum-fertilizer-drill, well de­signed plant protection equipment’s, Dunlop-carts, trolley, threshers, sprayers and tractors. The national average of NPK consump­tion is 75 kg per hectare while in Punjab and Haryana the average consumption of chemical fertilizers in about 170 kg and 110 kg per hectare respectively. evolving new high-yield crop varieties中文研究高產作物的新品種…，點擊查查權威綫上辭典詳細解釋evolving new high-yield crop varieties的中文翻譯，evolving new high-yield crop varieties的發音，音標，用法和例句等。 Immediate drying after harvest to prevent yellowing of rice kernels, Drying with flat-bed batch dryer, recirculating batch dryer or cross-flow continuous dryer, Cross-flow continuous dryer: 50–60 °C. Globally, yield losses to weeds have reduced with time because of improvements in weed control practices and improved weed management. Before rust resistant varieties were developed, many areas treated wheat growing so high risk, they avoided growing the crop altogether. HYV can also fetch handsome amounts to the farmers only if a good market for the disposal of the commodity is available within a short distance of the place of production. Copyright 10. The lifestyle of the farmers and their aspirations for better stand­ard of living also determine their efficiency. Drying to an uniform moisture content of 14% w.b. Conventionally, weeds are controlled using manual, mechanical, and chemical methods (Chauvel et al., 2012). To meet water requirements, there must be a controlled source of water at the disposal of farmers. The high-yielding varieties developed by classical plant breeders have been essential to maintaining adequate food supplies for the ever-expanding world population (Bennetzen, 1996). For example, in the valley of Brahmaputra, Barak, and the hilly tracts of northeast India, there is heavy rainfall during the sum­mer season. High yield stability usually refers to a genotype’s ability to perform consistently, whether at high or low yield levels, across a wide range of environments. It also helps in the marketing and storage of the agricultural commodities. The evolutionary and taxonomic isolation is thus broken. In the initial years of the Green Revolution (1968-70), in the states of Punjab and Haryana, the crop of wheat was largely damaged in the threshing grounds owing to the untimely rainfalls in the months of April and May. At the same time, decreased levels of ethylene in RNAi-ACS fruits lead to altered levels of various ripening-specific transcripts (i.e., upregulation of PA biosynthesis, ascorbic acid metabolism genes, and downregulation of cell wall hydrolyzing enzyme genes). High yielding isn't any one specific method. The perennial varieties mature in 190-220 days while the annual ones in 190-230 days. The study shows that CNR is also negatively regulated by APETALA2a (a target of miR172). For the recuperation of fertility, the soils are rested in the form of fallowing or they are en­riched by applying manures (compost and green) and chemical fertil­izers (NPK). For the application of plant pro­tection chemicals the farmers must have adequate knowledge of plant disease and their controlling chemicals. At first the new varieties were highly susceptible to disease, and pesticides were necessary to obtain the high yield potential, but later varieties have been bred with a greater resistance to pests. Results in this publication are aggregated over a number of years and on an D.B. The variations in yield and production also determine the assets building process of the farmers. In one study conducted in Punjab, it was found that the Jat farmers are more innovative, energetic and enterprising. Report a Violation, Problems Arising Out of the Diffusion of High Yielding Varieties Seeds, Characteristics of Modern Agricultural Techniques, Rise of Productivity of Crops after the Green Revolution. This means that when fertilizers are supplied to high yielding varieties their yield increases substantially. The well off farm­ers of the Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh are applying this input in the given proportion while some of the more ambitious farmers are even exceeding the prescribed limit. However, due to pest management practices, the yield reductions of wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and potatoes account for 26%, 31%, 37%, 29%, and 40%, respectively. Winter Wheat This article was written by Peter Johnson , Agronomist, Real Agriculture. These varieties, as stated at the outset, require elaborate arrange­ments of canal and tube well irrigation. As a matter of fact, in many cases, man behind the machine becomes more important than the machine itself. At the outbreak of a disease in the crop the entire area should be sprayed. The severity of competition brings higher losses to crop yields (Rajcan and Swanton, 2001) and is reported to decrease the yield of cotton, rice, maize, soybean, and potatoes by 36%, 37%, 40%, 37%, and 30%, respectively (Oerke, 2006). Excessive rainfall, immediately after the application of chemical fertilizers or that of plant protection chemicals, reduces their utility and effectiveness. Weed management in arable lands involves direct and indirect methods. The proper grading and leveling of fields helps in reducing water losses, and economize on la­bour required for irrigation. High yielding cultivars of crops depleted soils of nutrients and precious organic matter. The first Bt toxin gene was cloned in 1981 (Schnepf and Whiteley, 1981; Jain et al., 2007) and a field trial of transgenic tobacco expressing Bt toxin was performed in 1986. These insects and pests seriously attack the plants, hamper their growth and reduce the yield substantially. Similarly, through the RNAi technique, two ripening-specific ethylene-induced N-glycoprotein modifying enzymes, α-mannosidase (α-Man) and β-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase (β-Hex), were targeted and the shelf-life of tomato was enhanced by ≈2–2.5-fold with firmer fruits. The challenge of food security still continues and demands the adoption of new approaches to ensure safe and sufficient food for everyone. Significant advances have been made in the genetic engineering of rice since the first transgenic rice plants reported in the late 1980s. , 1986). Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Data are col-lected from as many sites as are available and statistically analyzed. Although it positively regulates fruit ripening, it also negatively regulates ethylene synthesis (Karlova et al., 2013). Subsequently, GE tomato and eggplant/brinjal were developed and tested under field conditions in different countries. At present, other insecticidal proteins such as lectins, protease inhibitors, antibodies, wasp and spider toxins, microbial insecticides, and insect peptide hormones (Whetstone and Hammock, 2007; Van Damme, 2008) were successfully used for the development of insect-resistant vegetable crops. The lodging of crop re­duces the yield per unit area. The poor and small farmers are thus deprived of the re­quired inputs, so essential for the successful cultivation of HYV of wheat and rice. The personal qualities of a farmer, his at­titude, beliefs, aspirations, progressiveness, and education, lifestyle and family values determine his capacity to adopt an agricultural innova­tion. Moreover, the fluctuations in prices of agricultural commodities reduce the margin of profit of the growers which may work as disincentive for the cultivation of HYV. During the 1950s and 1960s, new strains of wheat and maize were developed to reduce the food shortages in poor countries (the Green Revolution). have been expressed in crop plants (Sharma et al., 2004). The traditional farmers used to harvest green tomatoes, which were then sprayed with ethylene to fetch higher prices than ripe tomatoes; however, there is a substantial decrease in flavor content. Similarly, allelopathic water extracts from Malva parviflora L. and C. murale L. suppressed growth and photosynthetic activity of barley (Al-Johani et al., 2012). Weeds annually reduce yield of wheat by 18%–30% in Pakistan (Anonymous, 2012). One of the important fac­tors which contributed to the success of new seeds in the states of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh is the elaborate irrigation infrastructure in the form of canals, tube wells and pumping sets. Tasawar Abbas, ... Robert J. Kremer, in Advances in Agronomy, 2018. This competition deprives crop plants of space, nutrients, moisture, light, and other growth requirements. In the developed countries like the UK, Germany, Netherlands and Japan the consumption of chemical fertilizers is much higher to that of India. Without irrigation, a surfeit of other inputs, therefore, is of no avail. High-yield Crops High-yield agricultural crops are those that have been bred, genetically modified, or fertilized to increase their production yields. They pose the biggest challenge to food production worldwide since the start of agriculture. These dwarf varieties give much higher yields per unit area. These varieties require irrigation after every three weeks during the period of growth and development and after every two weeks at the flowering and primordial stages. High Yielding Varieties Seeds are undoubtedly land substituting, water economizing, more la­bour using, and employment generating innovation; nevertheless, they are very delicate and sensitive and therefore require a great deal of care if a successful harvest is to be obtained. The side effects of pesticides include killing of susceptible nontarget species and disturbance of biodiversity. The chimeric RNAi-ACS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase) construct designed to target ACS homologs effectively repressed ethylene production in tomato fruits and enhanced tomato shelf-life by 45 days. And if the crops by small farmers are not sprayed, the insects may creep in the neighbouring fields and the disease may adversely affect larger areas. In the case of non-availability of capital, the farmer should have an easy access to the credit facilities. It is mainly because of the human factor that the agricultural incomes of the farmers, having almost the same size of holdings in a village, vary from each other. The reduced levels of CHS mRNA and enzymatic CHS activity and the levels of anthocyanins were downregulated, and precursors of the flavonoids pathway were shunted to the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to large increases in levels of (hydroxy) cinnamoyl glucose esters. Although, it involves centuries old practices, a major breakthrough in pest control was the development of pesticides. The timings of irrigation and the quantity of water supplied are decisive for the performance of the crop. This technique in combination with metabolite profiling analysis will be useful for the development and ripening of strawberry fruit (Hoffmann et al., 2006). Breeding of new varieties of rice and wheat has continued since the 1960s, increasingly in research stations in the countries where they are to be grown. The progressive and enterprising farmers have largely im­proved their standard of living by their industry, while the lethargic and orthodox cultivators could not adopt the new technology suc­cessfully and many of them are still in the grip of poverty and under­nourishment. The high-yielding varieties developed by classical plant breeders have been essential to maintaining adequate food supplies for the ever-expanding world population (Bennetzen, 1996). 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