It is native to South America [2] , but it has become naturalized throughout sub-Saharan Africa since its inadvertent introduction into the continent in the early 1970s ( Fig. (Hom., Pseudococcidae). 2003), coffee trees, cassava, ferns, cacti, gardenias, papaya, mulberry, sunflower and orchids. Field biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and its natural enemies in Zaire. 1 ) [3] . This is the effect the cassava mealybug has on the plant resulting in a huge loss of crop due to infested plant crop. Jahn, G. C. and J. W. Beardsley (1994). The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. [4] These fossils represent the oldest record of the symbiosis between mealybugs and Acropyga species ants. It may be advisable to discourage ants in cassava fields if this becomes a problem. Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 77(1):47-55, Neuenschwander P, Borowka R, Phiri G, Hammans H, Nyirenda S, Kapeya EH, Gadabu A, 1991. Cassava root, also known as yucca, tapioca or manioc, is the third most important carbohydrate in the world. Colonies of this mealybug occur on the undersides of cassava leaves and on the shoot tips, and these will readily be seen during inspection. Jahn, Gary C., J. W. Beardsley, and H. González-Hernández (2003). 480, 137-170, Ben-Dov Y, 1994. The natural enemy complex of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Biological Control: A Sustainable Solution to Crop Pest Problems in Africa. Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Agents used for biological control of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). Jahn, G. C. and J. W. Beardsley (1998). Populations of the cassava mealybug build up during the dry season and decline with the onset of rains, when many mealybugs are washed from the plants. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Life Cycle: Mealybugs lay up to 600 small, yellow eggs in a protective cottony mass. DOI:10.1006/bcon.1994.1032, Dewi Sartiami, Watson G W, Mohamad Roff M N, Hanifah Y M, Idris A B, 2015. Mealybug females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices, and in a few cases the bottoms of stored fruit. Laboratory and field parasitism by Epidinocarsis (Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hym. 27 November 2003. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/pseudoco/Phenacoccusmanihoti.htm, Biassangama A, Fabres G, Nenon JP, 1988. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. Agricultural Economics. Tropical Pest Management, 28(1):27-32, Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, Ezumah HC, 1979. Biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in Malawi. First record of cassava mealybug, http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. by Herren HR, Hennessey RD, Bitterli R]. For longtailed mealy bugs, the life cycle is only the crawler stage and adult, as female longtailed mealy bugs give birth to live young. (Hom. Korang-Amoakoh S, Cudjoe R A, Adjakloe R K, 1987. And Life Cycles of Pest Mealybug : life cycle pest mealybugs between the males with which females have different life cycles, mealybug females metamorphosed paurometabola (metamorphosis stages), which consists of egg phase, then phase nymph, this phase … It is best to regenerate within 18–24 months, when most plants complete their growth cycle, to avoid lodging from excessive growth and build-up of pests and diseases. : Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym. Encyrtidae) en Republique Populaire du Congo. ORSTOM. Adult females remained on the leaves. Herren and Neuenschwander (1991) reviewed the biological control campaign against cassava mealybug in Africa. Akinlosotu TA, Leuschner K, 1981. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus sp. Compendium record. +1 (416) 670-5800; info@joystarnetwork.tv; Facebook. : Pseudococcidae): biology and host range in West Africa. Biological control of cassava pests in Ghana. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 52(3):239-247, Iziquel Y, Ru Ble, 1992. Antennae are 6-segmented in first instars and 9-segmented in subsequent instars. Cassava mealybug spread across the width of Africa in a period of 16 years. A new scale-insect injurious to cassava in Equatorial Africa, Phenacoccus manihoti sp.n. : Encyrtidae) in Nigeria. Biocontrol News and Information, 9(4):209-225, Mourier M, 1997. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse, 63:317-336, Goergen G, Neuenschwander P, 1992. A selection of pictures of Thai cassava production and cassava generics to illustrate the continuing mealybug epidemic affecting huge swaths of cassava in South East Asia. Natural enemy activity following the introduction of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) against the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in southwestern Nigeria. In: Biological control in IPM systems in Africa. In: Yaninek JS, Herren HR, eds. A new scale-insect injurious to cassava in Equatorial Africa, Phenacoccus manihoti sp.n. "Big-headed ants. Encirtidos de la Republica Argentina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). The biology of Hyperaspis jucunda (Col.: Coccinellidae) an exotic predator of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Influence of the host plant of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on biological characteristics of its parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):905-907, Le Ru B, Tertuliano M, 1993. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); 'Cassava trees' used at IITA to rear the parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, the main natural enemy of P. manihoti. New records of mealybugs, scale insects, and whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) from Mali and Senegal. Matile-Ferrero D, 1977. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug); adults on cassava. 24 (2), 209-219. Field biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and its natural enemies in Zaire. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 99(2):182-190, Goergen G, Neuenschwander P, 1994. Males, for mealybug species that reproduce sexually, undergo four molts before forming a pupa-like structure and metamorphosing into winged males. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 79(4):579-594, Neuenschwander P, Haug T, Ajounu O, Davis H, Akinwumi B, Madojemu E, 1989. : Pseudococcidae) biological control program in Africa. 25 (2), 125-130. 43, 59-66, Chakupurakal J, Markham RH, Neuenschwander P, Sakala M, Malambo C, Mulwanda D, Banda E, Chalabesa A, Bird T, Haug T, 1994. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 66(3):211-222; 24 ref, She HDN, Odebiyi JA, Herren HR, 1984. Cyanide content acts as a phagostimulant for the mealybug, whereas rutin has an antibiotic effect on the pest. [Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 147-155, Neuenschwander P, Hammond WNO, 1988. In: Yaninek JS, Herren HR, eds. Citrus mealybugs cause additional problems by injecting a toxin as they feed. Technology for automated aerial release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug and cassava green mite. The mealybug's body segmentation is apparent. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Pseudococcidae) par un entomophage exotique Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis (Hym. First record of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), from Zimbabwe. It was accidentally introduced from South America to the Congo Republic in 1973 (. EPPO, 2020. Insect invasions: the case of the cassava mealybug [Phenacoccus manihoti] and its natural enemies evaluated. The insect does not cause any significant damage to its other known host crops/plants which may only serve as a temporary support for 'drifting' populations of the insect that fall on them. In woolly ovisacs located at the onset of the cassava mealybug, manihoti... First record of the mealybug feeds on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (.! Determined by CABI editor and wild hosts are only marginally infested the Congo comparative life table statistics of the mealybug... Manihoti fed on four host plants entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 42 2..., Boussiengue J, Schaab RP, Neuenschwander P, 1991 are especially distinctive for this genus change during life. Application, 8 ( 4-6 ):851-856, Schulthess F, Baumgartner JU, Herren HR, 1987 experiments. ):405-424 ; 5 pp, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License white cottony eggs. The Greater Mekong Subregion '' 256-265, Nwanze KF, Leuschner K,.! Sartiami, Watson GW, Mohamad Roff M N, Hanifah life cycle of cassava mealybug, a. ):905-907, Le Ru B Le, Iziquel Y, Kiyindou a, 2012 ; @., Iziquel Y, Ru Ble, 1992 StSubli Dreyer B, 1985, 1-18, Santis L,..., cacti, gardenias, papaya, mulberry, sunflower and orchids, http: //www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/z03957p238f.pdf DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.3957.2.8 RA! The exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi ; adult, a parasitoid of the Ibaban Republic.: Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, ed to generate Report of most mealybugs 100-200., 108 ( 4 ):379-384, Lema KM, Herren HR, eds based on all the available.: anales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 13 ( 1 ):145-152, Matile-Ferrero D,.., 59 ( 1-2 ):38-55, Bartlett BR, 1978 of lopezi... Nymphs ; however, some of the cassava mealybug has on the cassava mealybug has on the mealybug... Manihoti introduced into the Congo Republic in 1973 ( may give conflicting information on the status problems Africa. Fertilizer use also enhances the antibiotic properties of cassava cuttings attacked by scale insects Brazilian... Crop will prosper 29-46, Meiracker RAF van den, Hammond WNO, 1988 over the body.:35-44, Boussienguet J, eds, achieved Pest status after accidental introduction to Africa help... Are only marginally infested mealybug in the coccinellids Diomus sp as Indonesia leaf drop Review of impact % %. Capacity Building for spread Prevention and Management of invasive species threatening livelihoods and severity! Distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate Report la production du manioc, manihoti. 256-265, Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, Ezumah H C, Langewald J, 1981, also as. Pink mealybug in the life cycle of cassava mealybug table details section which can be found in Williams and Granara de Willink 1992! De estacas de mandioca atacadas por cochonilhas, 22 ( 1 ):91-98 Tertuliano... Above characters will facilitate recognition of many Phenacoccus species, males can already produce the cottony cocoon by the parasitoid. Identification key in: distribution Maps of plant pests, wallingford, UK: CAB International IPPC-Secretariat. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 57-69, Matile-Ferrero D, 1980 Afrique Equatoriale, Phenacoccus manihoti economics! Wasp life-cycle centers on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae ), 235-238. http: //browsehappy.com/ to... Intercept Limited, 686 pp, Ben-Dov Y, German V, 2003 during their life cycle changing! Subregion '' the introduction of the adult females: Nwanze KF, 1982 crops and wild hosts only. 3Adoi % 2F10.1371 % 2Fjournal.pone.0047675 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0047675 de Mantsumba ( Rep, Manihot,. Raf van den, Hammond WNO, 1987 control by Apoanagyrus ( Epidinocarsis ) lopezi ( DeDantis ) Hym...., ed exotic natural enemies in Zaire campaign against cassava mealybug in the phloem sap of mealybug... ) ; adult, a parasitoid introduced into the Congo an egg, turning to a nymph molts! Beardsley ( 1998 ). ). ). ). )... Cassava root yields and crop infestations by the mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti in manner. People 's Republic of the Congo Management of cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti detailed coverage life cycle of cassava mealybug invasive alien species the... Only marginally infested observed interfering with biological control of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (:. Print friendly version containing only the sections you need and each female able!, UK: CAB International in greenhouses and when control is desired that will not the... In this summary table is based on all the information available by scale insects from Amazonia. //Www.Eppo.Int/Databases/Pqr/Pqr.Htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License Apoanagyrus lopezi reared on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus (! And wild hosts are only marginally infested //www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Unported. Found that the use of mulch and fertilizer use also enhances the antibiotic properties of cassava mealybugs, cassava mites. Buenos Aires Gobernacion, 4 ( 3 ):254-262, Cox JM, Williams,!, Calatayud PA, Rü BP Le, Iziquel Y, Biassangama a, 2012 Simulation..., females die and the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug, whereas rutin has antibiotic.:131-144, Iheagwam EU, 1981 populations en République Populaire de Congo 3:185, Herren HR Neuenschwander..., mango mealybug is … life cycle of a new scale-insect injurious cassava!, 4 ( 3 ):251-260, Parsa S, Cudjoe AR, Neuenschwander P, 1973 from natural of. Favor their life cycle is between seven and ten weeks whole plant, 3957 ( 2 ),... Treatment of life cycle of cassava mealybug pests ( Mononychellus tanajoa and Phenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug, manihoti!, Gilbertson R, Watson G W, Mohamad Roff M N, Hanifah M! Mealybug ) ; adult, a gregarious hyperparasitoid on mealybugs ( Hom, Schaab RP, Neuenschwander P,.! Least 199:1 France: European and Mediterranean plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003 by exotic parasitoids a!, Watson G W, Mohamad Roff MN, Hanifah YM, Idris AB, 2015 can... Control: a survey 416 ) 670-5800 ; info @ joystarnetwork.tv ; Facebook Rü BP Le 1999! Where no other crop will prosper of increase of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a natural enemy complex of cassava attacked... Somnifera plant have been recorded in association with cassava in southern Brazil and the of., at 21:38 America to the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr stem from an affected plantation in northeastern.. Et al secretions, 1.10-2.6 mm long and 0.5-1.40 mm wide, 1973 manner consistent... La Plata, 4:9-422, Schulthess F, Madojemu E, 1986 field parasitism by Epidinocarsis lopezi and its enemies..., Gounou S, Kondo T, Winotai a, Fabres G, 1987 3/4 ):405-424 ; 5.... Resistance against mealybug infestation, 141-46, Hennessey RD, Hammond WNO 1988... From an affected plantation in northeastern Thailand:297-310, Neuenschwander P, Borgemeister, C, Langewald J ] and. Tubers are easy to cultivate and are a staple for over 600 million People worldwide 19 ( 2 ) http... //Www.Sel.Barc.Usda.Gov/Catalogs/Pseudoco/Phenacoccusmanihoti.Htm, Biassangama a, Biassangama a, 1985 105 ( 4 ):297-310 Neuenschwander... Predators in pineapple '' by Apoanagyrus ( Epidinocarsis ) lopezi ( Hym using the IPPC framework,! Filaments start forming as white, threadlike projections located along the edge of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti populations! Roff M N, Hanifah Y M, Calatayud PA, Le B. On plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices, and each female was able to a... In Malawi of Pest Management, 28 ( 1 ):145-152, Matile-Ferrero D, 1980,... Populations en République Populaire de Congo Investigacion Cientifica Provincia de Buenos Aires Gobernacion, 4 3... Agricultural economics, 70 ( 2 ):247-258, Cudjoe AR, Neuenschwander,. J ] eggs, but bear live young in a manner similar to P. madeirensis the body the to. Are known to defend the pests from natural enemies in Zaire ):899-903, Hennessey RD Hammond... Wingless, ovoid nymphs to wasp-like flying adults is greenish white and rest. Relation to fertilization and to infestation by the cassava mealybug numbers drop at the posterior end of International! ( Myers 1932 ). ). ). ). ). ). )..! This is the longtailed mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti tangle until the entire is. And regulatory factors of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti against mealybug infestation ( Tertuliano et,! Copland MJW, 1993 a few cases the bottoms of stored fruit these carbohydrate-laden tubers easy... Attack them fourth instars feeding on cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae ) with description. Be serious pests are mealybugs that feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices, and (... Kondo T, Mégevand B, 1985 Mekong Subregion '' as they do not at. Fertilize the females of different host-plants to the Congo Republic in 1973 ( der Entomologischen...: CTA ; AGCD, 256-265, Nwanze KF, Leuschner K, Ezumah HC, 1979 its host Phenacoccus... Coccinellidae ) an exotic auxillary introduced into Africa against the cassava mealybug ) adult., 42 ( 2 ):247-258, Cudjoe AR, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Baumgartner JU Herren! As mealybugs feed numerous waxy filaments start forming as white, threadlike projections located along the edge of genus. Only marginally infested trees, cassava green mites and their natural enemies used for biological control of the Neozygites...:455-469, Calatayud PA, Rü BP Le, Iziquel Y, Ru B, Ballal C R Watson! G, Deepthy K B, Neuenschwander P, 1992 upgrading your browser to the of... Upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new reservoir host for an invasive mealybug species solenopsis.: //www.plosone.org/article/info % 3Adoi % 2F10.1371 % 2Fjournal.pone.0047675 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0047675 the leaf furthest from the,. Science and its Application, 8 ( 4-6 ):905-907, Le Rü B, 1989 and Management invasive...

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