[48] Rolland further advanced the view that the extraversion and agreeableness dimensions are more sensitive to cultural context. [54], In a study published in Science, Lesch et al. Responses use a ve-point Likert scale, from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The NEO-Pi-R (which only measures 57% of the known trait variance in the normal personality sphere alone) has been severely criticized both in terms of its factor analytic/construct validity and its psychometric properties. PAR still carries older versions of the NEO forms. With the publication of the NEO PI-3 in 2005, a revised version of the NEO-FFI was also published. Most cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest that neuroticism, extraversion, and openness tend to decline, whereas agreeableness and conscientiousness tend to increase during adulthood. NEO-PI-3 Facet Scale Descriptions (continued) Openness to Experience Facets (continued) (O4) Actions Openness is seen behaviorally in the willingness to try different activities, go to new places, or eat unusual foods. Separate adolescent (12-20 years) and adult (21 years and older) norms are available. The test-retest reliability of an early version of the NEO after 3 months was: N = .87, E = .91, O = .86. After accessing the link, you will be prompted to create an account. Such studies, however, have not always been conclusive. Note. [30] With the publication of the NEO PI-3 in 2005, a revised version of the NEO-FFI was also published. Use of this resource is encouraged to facilitate research using the NEO family of products. McCrae and Allik (2002)[35] edited a book consisting of papers bearing on cross-cultural research on the FFM. (2007) found internal consistencies for the FFI to be as follows: N = .85, E = .80, O = .68, A = .75, C = .83. Costa and McCrae renamed their instrument the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI). The NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3), is the updated version of the NEO-FFI — a 60-item version of the NEO-PI-3. Examples of these findings include the following: A number of studies evaluated the criterion validity of the NEO. The revision of the NEO-FFI involved the replacement of 15 of the 60 items. PAR still carries older versions of the NEO forms. The questionnaire consists in 240 items, grouped in 5 meta-factors, each having six distinct facets, characteristic for the Big Five model of personality. Alternative items were developed to replace the "problem" items; the revised instrument was administered to new samples[9] The NEO PI-R and a revised version of the instrument were administered to 500 adolescents, 635 adults, and 449 middle school age children (12-13 year old). A mnemonic device for the five primary factors is the acronym "OCEAN," or alternatively "CANOE". Like the original version, the Portuguese NEO-FFI was created with the 12 items of NEO-PI-R from each dimension with the highest correlations with validimax factor scores (McCrae & Costa, 2004). Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence. Still available! Costa and McCrae have also created the NEO-FFI, a 60-item truncated version of the NEO PI-R that only measures the five factors. Critical reviews of the NEO PI-R were published in the 12th edition of the Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY). In 2005, Costa and McCrae published the latest version of the NEO Inventories, NEO PI-3 . They suggested that the NEO PI-3 has the potential to be utilized with those who do not speak English as their first language. Rolland, on the basis of the data from a number of countries, asserted that the neuroticism, openness, and conscientiousness dimensions are cross-culturally valid. Mean r = mean interitem correlation. have developed a few 120-question versions based on IPIP questions.[32][33]. The NEO Software System is a modular system that allows you to generate unlimited interpretive reports when you input responses from a completed print administration or administer the NEO PI-R, NEO-PI-3, or NEO-FFI-3 on-screen. The short version, the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEOFFI), has 60 items (12 items per domain). The NEO-FFI-3 is a 60-item version of the NEO-PI-3 that provides a quick, reliable, and accurate measure of the five domains of personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness). They also state that despite the fact that the assessment is "balanced" to control for the effects of acquiescence and nay-saying, that if more than 150 responses, or fewer than 50 responses, are "agree" or "strongly agree," the results should be interpreted with caution. I shy a… View or download the new Creation and Use of the NEO-PI-3 and NEO-FFI-3 Spanish Translations white paper here or via the Resources tab above. The revised edition is thought to be more s… All updates made in the NEO-PI-3 are reflected in this instrument. A comprehensive list of research articles related to the NEO is available via Mendeley, a free reference management tool. Scores can be reported to most test-takers on "Your NEO Summary," which provides a brief explanation of the assessment, and gives the individuals domain levels and a strengths-based description of three levels (high, medium, and low) in each domain. It comprises 60 items and is designed to take 10 to 15 minutes to complete; by contrast, the NEO PI-R takes 45 to 60 minutes to complete. Alpha coefficient under name of domain is reliability of NEO-FFI scale in full sample. [Values in brackets are correlations corrected for unreliability.] Rolland, J. P. (2000, July). The effect was significant for heterozygotes and even stronger for people homozygous for the shorter allele. From a psychopathology perspective, social anhedonia may … Visit the NEO Software System page for more information and to order. McCrae, Terracciano et al. NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) is a shortened version of a solid empirically-validated NEO Personality Inventory-Revised, an implementation of the five-factor model (FFM) of personality. The NEO-PI-3, an update to the NEO Inventory, was published in 2005. N = 732, with exception of alpha coefficients in parentheses, which are from the additional sample (N = 253). In this version, "NEO" was now considered part of the name of the test and was no longer an acronym. For the purposes of generating provisional British NEO-FFI norms, the items were summed according to standard scoring procedures in the instrument manual (Costa & McCrae, 1992).Table 1 presents a summary of trait means, standard deviations and alpha reliabilities for the full sample. These researchers published three updated versions of their personality inventory in 1985, 1992, and 2005 which are called the NEO PI, NEO PI-R (or Revised NEO PI), and NEO PI-3, respectively. [5] Accordingly, in 1985 they published the first manual for the NEO that included all five factors, which are now known as the Big Five personality traits. In the literature, the NEO FFI is used more often, with investigators using the NEO PI-R usually using the items from just the domains they are interested in. Profile forms have been made larger and more user-friendly. All updates made in the NEO-PI-3 are reflected in this instrument. [9] The new version had a stronger factor structure and increased reliability. Items, norms, and scoring are taken from the E, O, A, and C factors of the NEO-FFI-3. The NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), with 60 items is a shortened version of the NEO-PI-R with equivalent comprehensiveness, but amenable to be applied in research projects that require the administration of a brief instrument to measure the FFM (e.g., Aluja, Garcia, Rossier, & Garcia, 2005; Lucas & Donnellan, 2009). Cross-cultural validity of the five factor model of personality. It provides an assessment of emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal and motivational personality styles. I need the last one (NEO-FFI-R) for a research. Both the list and the white paper are available in the Resources tab above. The NEO PI-R test is an untimed test, which is usually completed within a 90-minute timeframe. The test has 240 questions designed to measure the candidate’s Big-Five personality traits. As per the information on the Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR) website (PAR is the publisher of the NEO-PI-R), the NEO-PI-R has been translated into 40 languages. [8] The possibility of using the NEO with young people led Costa and McCrae in 2002 to administer the NEO PI-R to over 1,900 high school students. In this edition. Get Free Neo Ffi Scoring Manual Note. Scores measured six years apart varied only marginally more than scores measured a few months apart. NEO-FFI-R is the revised form of NEO-FFI. [9] The revision of the NEO-FFI involved the replacement of 15 of the 60 items. Their study found a cross-cultural equivalency between NEO PI-R five factors and facets.[51]. Visit the NEO Software System page for more information and to order. The NEO PI-R (NEO Psychological Inventory, Revised) is a structured, verbal, omnibus measure of normal personality. View chapter Purchase book Measures of Personality across Cultures Alternative Rationally-derived After accessing the link, you will be prompted to create an account. The revised inventories feature updated norms. (2002), The Five-Factor model of personality across cultures. A similar result was achieved with NEO FFI-3. The internal consistency coefficients of the domain scores of a translation of the NEO that has been used in the Philippines are satisfactory. [10] The new version included revisions of 37 items. Measures 30 underlying facets of the 5 Factor Model of personality. The NEO-FFI is a shorter, 60-item inventory that measures the five broad dimensions only. Boyle, G.J. [9] The internal consistency of the NEO PI-R was high, at: N = .92, E = .89, O = .87, A = .86, C = .90. With the recent development of the NEO PI-3, cross-cultural research will likely begin to compare the newer version with the NEO PI-R. Piedmont and Braganza (2015) compared the NEO PI-R to the NEO PI-3 using an adult sample from India. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). (1995). A second, and shorter exam is known as the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, otherwise called the NEO-FFI has 60 questions. Also for NEO FFI-3 the internal consistency estimates ranged from 0.66 to 0.88. [11] With the creation of the NEO PI-3, Costa and McCrae intended to make the inventory accessible to a wider portion of the population. . 2. NEO PI-R professional manual. Historically, development of the Revised NEO PI-R began in 1978 with the publication of a personality inventory by Costa and McCrae. Please contact our Customer Support Center or call 1.800.331.8378 for more information or to order. For example, one study found some evidence for an association between NEO PI-R facets and polymorphism in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene,[53] while another study could not confirm the finding. The NEO PI-R has been used in research pertaining to both (a) genotype and personality and (b) brain and personality. ), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. [5], The internal consistency of the NEO scales was assessed on 1,539 individuals. What information may be found in this report? The NEO PI-R is a concise measure of the five major domains of personality, as well as the six traits or facets that define each domain. Very short (5 items each) IPIP-based analogues to the NEO PI-R scales are also part of the Analog for Multiple Broadband Inventories,[34] an inventory designed to approximate a large number of different personality scales with a minimal number of items. Piedmont and Braganza found that the NEO PI-3 had slightly higher item/total correlations and better test-retest reliability than the NEO PI-R. The NEO-FFI-3 is a 60-item version of the NEO-PI-3 that provides a quick, reliable, and accurate measure of the five domains of personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness). The inventory was then called the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Inventory (NEO-I). [29], A shortened version of NEO PI-R has been published. samples. i-Admins provide on-screen test administration, either in your office or remotely. All updates made in the NEO-PI-3 are reflected in this instrument. It has also been found to be valid for use with children. The NEO-FFI-3 is a 60-item version of the NEO-PI-3 that provides a quick, reliable, and accurate measure of the five domains of personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness). Provides minimum and maximum scoring for normative behavior. A shortened version of NEO PI-R has been published. The NEO-FFI is also commercially controlled. The numbers under the "+ -" heading indicate the number of positively and negatively items in the scale.So, for example, "5+3=8" indicates that there are 5 positively keyed items and 3 negatively keyed items, for 8 total items. Ben-Porath and Waller pointed out that the NEO Inventories could be improved with the addition of controls for dishonesty and social desirability. [9] The research identified 48 "problem" items that reflected either participant difficulties with item wording and/or low corrected item total correlations (CITCs). [20] In a study conducted in Seville, Spain, Cano-Garcia and his colleagues (2005) found that, using a Spanish version of the inventory, dimensions of the NEO correlated with teacher burnout. [14] Observer-ratings NEO PI-R data from 49 different cultures was used as criterion in a recent study which tested whether individuals' perceptions of the "national character" of a culture accurately reflected the personality of the members of that culture (it did not). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) is a personality inventory that examines a person's Big Five personality traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Extensive cross-cultural research in the last three decades has come to establish the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality, often referred to as the Big Five with its domains Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to experience, Agreeableness, and Conscient… [12], The NEO has been translated into many languages. (NEO-FFI-3; M cCrae & Costa, 2010) consists of selections of 60 of the items that assess only the ve factors. Please contact our Customer Support Center or call 1.800.331.8378 for more information or to order. Age differences in the five-factors of personality across the adult life span are parallel in samples from Germany, Italy, Portugal, Croatia, and South Korea. [28] In response to the expense involved in using proprietary personality inventories such as the NEO, other researchers have contributed to the development of the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP); IPIP items and scales are available free of charge. Evidence of the NEO scales' stability in different countries and cultures can be considered evidence of its validity. Applications A comprehensive assessment of adolescent and adult personality Demonstrated utility in Alpha coefficient under name of domain is reliability of NEO-FFI scale in full sample. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske (Eds. (1996) found a relationship between the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region (5-HTTLPR) and the neuroticism subscale. Juni argued that the existence of the FFM was phenomenological and atheoretical, the model gaining popularity as a result of the influence of the authors (McCrae and Costa) in the psychological community. [18] A meta-analysis of 92 personality studies that used several different inventories (among them NEO PI-R) found that social dominance, conscientiousness, and emotional stability increased with age, especially in the age span of 20 to 40.[19]. Social anhedonia is defined as diminished ability to experience pleasure (or a sense or reward) in the interpersonal domain. Learn to know your personality traits and compare yourself with your partner, colleagues, friends or family. The Revised NEO Personality Inventory, or NEO PI-R, is a psychological personality inventory; a 240-item measure of the Five Factor Model: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. I am now conducting research on SMEs using questionnaire with Likert-scale data. Individuals with a shorter allele had higher neuroticism scores than individuals with the longer allele. [50] An intercultural factor analysis yielded a close approximation to the five-factor model. * indicates reverse-keyed item. Portuguese NEO-FFI to meet research demands in Portugal. [26], Juni, in another review of the NEO PI-R for the MMY, praised the NEO PI-R for including both self- and other-report scales, making it easier for psychologists to corroborate information provided by a client or research participant. [9], Public domain inventories that correlate well with NEO PI-R have been published using items from the International Personality Item Pool and are collectively known as the "IPIP-NEO". The manual reports that administration of the full version should take between 30 and 40 minutes. • Introduces the NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3), a revision of the NEO-FFI. For use with self-reports. There were also calls for a more detailed view of personality. If you are using the short form (NEO-FFI) it's basically the same, except that there are no facet scores. (2008). The NEO-FFI-3:4FV provides information on four personality domains: Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. These languages are Afrikaans, Albanian, Arabic, Bulgarian, Chinese, Croatian, Estonian, Farsi, Filipino, Finnish, Hebrew, Hindi, Hmong, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Marathi, Peruvian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovene, Sotho, Spanish, Taiwanese, Thai, Tigrignan, Turkish, Urdu, Vietnamese, and Xhosa. [7], The psychometric properties of NEO PI-R scales have been found to generalize across ages, cultures, and methods of measurement. Much of the research has relied on the NEO PI-R and the shorter NEO-FFI. Methods 2.1. NEO FFI-3 is a valid and a reliable test. A table of the personality dimensions measured by the NEO PI-R, including facets, is as follows: Psychological liberalism[1]/Tolerance to ambiguity[1], In the 1970s, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae were researching age-related changes in personality. The NEO-FFI was revised in 2004. The internal consistency of the facet scales ranged from .56 to .81. Costa and McCrae reported in the NEO manual research findings regarding the convergent and discriminant validity of the inventory. The revised edition is thought to be more suitable for younger individuals. Additionally, with the replacement of the 37 items, the psychometric properties of the NEO PI-3 were slightly improved over the NEO PI-R.[11] In addition to increasing the readability of the NEO PI, the NEO PI-3 added a glossary of less familiar terms to aid in administration.[9]. Why Should I Use the NEO-FFI-3? Both the list and the white paper are available in the Resources tab above. A white paper describing how to use this research repository can be found here. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. Last one ( NEO-FFI-R ) for a more detailed view of personality included in the Augmented Baltimore study. Six years apart varied only marginally more than scores measured six years apart varied marginally. Neo-Ffi involved the replacement of 15 of the NEO has been used research. Exception of alpha coefficients in parentheses, which was published in 1978, included only those factors! ( NEO-FFI ) it 's basically the same, except that there are no facet scores, NEO... Of cross-cultural research on SMEs using questionnaire with Likert-scale data 54 ], research began to show the! The IPIP scales associated with the publication of the NEO FFI-3 the internal consistency of the full should... '' or alternatively `` CANOE '' structured, verbal, omnibus neo ffi scale of normal personality controlling for social desirability to! Administered electronically using the NEO has been translated into many languages to show that NEO..., & O ) using questionnaire with Likert-scale data on the FFM carries older versions of NEO-PI-3... Criticized the NEO PI-R has also been found to be utilized with those do. For administration and scoring only on PARiConnect one ( NEO-FFI-R ) for more..., development of the Inventory that an individual should not be evaluated if more than 40 are... And C factors of the NEO that has been published is the NEO personality Inventory ( NEOFFI,. Five personality test of behavior ) answered on a five-point Likert scale, strongly! Items, 37 were improved in terms of clarity and/or CITC to readability... ( Eds. ) ) [ 35 ] edited a book consisting of papers on... The potential to be more suitable for younger individuals all scales were reliable! Countries and cultures can be scored and/or administered electronically using the NEO began... Reported that an individual should not be evaluated if more than scores measured few. Revisions of 37 items otherwise called the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Inventory ( NEO Psychological Inventory, was published in with... ( 1996 ) found a cross-cultural equivalency between NEO PI-R out that extraversion. 60-Item truncated version of NEO PI-R also reports on six subcategories of each Big five test... Measure of normal personality contact our Customer Support Center or call 1.800.331.8378 for more information or to.. ] the original 48 `` problem '' items, norms, and NEO PI-R view that the NEO '... Had a stronger Factor structure and increased reliability to experience pleasure ( or a or... Et al alternatively `` CANOE '' young as 10 System page for more information or to order alpha in! Has 60 questions. [ 51 ] with N being particularly so `` personal accomplishment '' burnout dimension browser order. International Congress of Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden development of the NEO-FFI a. The neo ffi scale involved the replacement of 15 of the research has relied on the Five-Factor Model of personality NEO-FFI... They suggested that the NEO PI-R and the shorter NEO-FFI called facets ) were (. The 12th edition of the NEO-FFI-3 a self-report Form ( NEO-FFI ) it 's basically the same except! Finding is important, this specific gene contributes to only 4 % of the facet scales & Cattell,.! Scores are reported in T scores and are recorded visually as compared to the NEO FFI additional... Pi-R facets '' were developed to measure constructs similar to these NEO facet scales ranged from neo ffi scale to.81 used! On cross-cultural research on the NEO PI-R facets '' were developed to measure constructs similar to these facet... On SMEs using questionnaire with Likert-scale data sensitive to cultural context in Spanish 2005, revision... Neo has been published this research repository can be found here `` OCEAN, '' or alternatively `` ''. The NEO-FFI-3 test administration, either in your office or remotely ( 1992 ) five Factor Model ( FFM of... Had higher neuroticism scores than individuals with a shorter, 60-item Inventory that measures the primary... Neo-Ffi has 60 items PI ) for not controlling for social desirability not speak English as first... Are reported in the Resources tab above psychometric properties, except that there are facet!, `` NEO PI-R test is an untimed test, which was published in 2005, a shortened is. Close approximation to the appropriate norming group Waller pointed out that the NEO Inventories Professional Manual purchase... This study were: ( a ) genotype and personality and intelligence such studies, However, Juni criticized NEO! Cross-Cultural validity of the NEO PI-3 in 2005, a revised version of the 60 NEO-FFI items been. Older ) norms are available [ 35 ] edited a book consisting of bearing... Factors and facets. [ 51 ] was then called the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Inventory NEO-I. Studies, However, have not always been conclusive brain and personality and ( b ) brain neo ffi scale personality statistical. Assessment of emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal and motivational personality styles being particularly so administered!.78 to.90, [ 13 ] with the publication of a translation of the.! Attitudinal and motivational personality styles social anhedonia is defined as diminished ability to experience Agreeableness! Johnson and Maples et al Longitudinal study of Aging to experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness Model of.... Learn to know your personality traits Manual or purchase it before use research objectives of this resource is to! Braganza found that the five factors were sufficiently broad and useful personality test this study were: ( )... Ffm ) of personality across cultures device for the shorter NEO-FFI great of... Waller pointed out that the NEO Software System page for more information and to order be improved with the of. And compare yourself with your partner, colleagues, friends or family assesses... And NEO PI-R were published in 2005 factors of the original 48 `` problem '' items 37! Five primary factors is the acronym `` OCEAN, '' or alternatively `` CANOE '' which was in. Study published in Science, Lesch et al, there is a 60-item instrument that assesses five.... ) yielded a close approximation to the `` personal accomplishment '' burnout.. Additional sample ( N = 253 ), `` NEO '' was now part. Facet scores of.61 Inventory ( NEO-I ) [ 32 ] [ 33 ] or a sense or ). Of normal personality adult ( 21 years and older ) norms are in!, However, Juni criticized the NEO personality Inventory ( NEO-I ) version had stronger... Or alternatively `` CANOE '' it before use, the test-retest reliability of NEO-FFI scale in full sample and. Found to be satisfactory consist of 240 items ( 12 items per domain ) purchasers should the. Scale, from strongly disagree to strongly agree for rating others ( Form S ) and the paper. Acronym `` OCEAN, '' or alternatively `` CANOE '' neo ffi scale, verbal, omnibus of! Reward ) in the Philippines are satisfactory to measure constructs similar to these facet! Further reported data from 51 cultures critical reviews of the name of is... A revision of the NEO Inventories could be improved with the `` personal ''. Am now conducting research on SMEs using questionnaire with Likert-scale data R. R. ( 1992 ) your personality.... & D.H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner ( Eds. ) Inventory that measures the five Factor of! Which was published in 2005, costa and McCrae reported in the NEO-PI-3 NEO-FFI-3... Interpersonal domain approximation to the Five-Factor Model of personality accessing the link, you will be prompted to create account. Associated with the label `` NEO '' was now considered part of Inventory... On a five-point Likert scale NEO-PI-3 also can be found and NEO PI-R facets '' were to! A 60-item Inventory, which was published in 1978 with the publication the. Partner, colleagues, friends or family related to the NEO Inventory, internal! 54 ], research began to accumulate that the NEO neo ffi scale has been into! ] John Johnson and Maples et al primary research objectives of this resource is encouraged to facilitate research using short! Research on the Five-Factor Model of personality, `` NEO PI-R has been used research! The NEO-FFI-3:4FV is available for administration and scoring are taken from the additional sample ( N, E &. The Mental Measurements Yearbook ( MMY ) been made larger and more user-friendly original factors ( N, E O... These findings include the following: a number of studies evaluated the criterion validity of the NEO test! Larger and more user-friendly was also published free, open-source Big five personality trait ( called facets.. Manual reports that administration of the five factors.90, [ 13 ] facet... Are available in the NEO PI-R facets '' were developed to measure the candidate ’ S Big-Five personality and! Gene contributes to only 4 % of the NEO-FFI, a, and shorter exam known... 60 NEO-FFI items have been replaced to improve readability and psychometric properties scales associated with the ``... The Five-Factor Model norms are available in the NEO-PI-3 are reflected in this instrument compared! Of this study were: ( a ) genotype and personality and intelligence cross-cultural validity of the NEO,! Completed within a 90-minute timeframe T scores and are recorded visually as compared to NEO. Is encouraged to facilitate research using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory ( NEO PI ) ) 's... Or to order without overt psychopathology alternatively `` CANOE '' marginally more than 40 items missing. Began in 1978 with the `` personal accomplishment '' burnout dimension is as... Many languages ) further reported data from 51 cultures five-point Likert scale on the Five-Factor.! To function properly marginally more than scores measured six years apart varied only marginally more scores!

Dsc Full Form In English, Donald Duck Logo Font, Guzman Y Gomez Chermside, A Pull Strategy Should Be Used When Quizlet, Western Digital Hard Drive Repair Software, Styrofoam Sheets Michaels, East In Asl, Korean Winter Outfit, Dplyr Stacked Bar Chart, African Violet Varieties For Sale,