2) Potassium Permanganate (Kusuri) Potassium permanganate also effectively treats Trichodina, and is gentle enough that you can also use this to treat the roots of any new plants you acquire to ensure no trichonids are transferred to your pond from them. In particular, if used in conjunction with formalin, the … The permanganate ion is a strong oxidizing agent. Be careful as this solution will stain and is toxic to life. For that reason it is hard to recommend a proper dose for a pond unless you know how much organic matter is in the pond. So using 5ml of this solution per 1L of water will give you a 0.5ppm level. It is also good practice to leave the flow of the pink fluid flow for the first 30-60 minutes through the filter, but beyond that, bypass the filter.Servaas de Kock24/12/2013 and updated since, (Be on the lookout for other articles on this subject). Always weigh the required dose and do not just estimate. Switch off the tank lights (Potassium permanganate rapidly becomes neutralised in light) and ensure the tank is well aerated for the next 12 hours. One is a 6-year-old outside pond I am presently (March 2000) in the process of rebuilding deeper with more mechanical filtration. Treatment attacks also infected and necrotic tissue and therefore gills, ulcers and ALL areas with bacterial or parasitic infections are affected. Potassium permanganate is the best fish medicine: it is an oxidizing medicine and will not cause bacteria to develop resistance. It can be useful to place a white saucer on the floor of the aquarium to observe the water colour. Always de-clog the gills with a Peroxide (hydrogen peroxide) treatment to the pond. It can be said that potassium permanganate has the tendense to ‘cut’ to the root cause of the infection by first removing the secondary infection or dead cells, and then deactivate that infection itself. If pond is treated for 1-2 hours (pink) and you terminate treatment (with Peroxide), the parasites and some bacteria will be dead, but the hardly will not be affected. Dip fish into clean water for a few seconds to rinse. It dissolves in water to give deep purple/pink solutions, evaporation of which gives prismatic purple-black glistening crystals (see picture below). However as this compound is very toxic, using the wrong dosage will result in killing all life in the tank. A 30 Litres (7.9US G.) tank may only require 5-10ml. (This same treatment regime can be followed on your own skin. Aquarium Use of Potassium Permanganate By Frank Cowherd, Michael Barber, and Ben Chou (extracted from PVAS forum thread) You can buy KMnO4 = potassium permanganate at a lot of local hardware stores. Do not feed the fish until you are sure the filter is working normally (by testing for ammonia and nitrite), Bypassing the biological filter is always advised while oxygenating the pond. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a protozoan parasite. Potassium permanganate, also known as KMnO4, is an oxidiser that is used in treating flukes, parasites, fungi, protozoans and bacterial infections in koi fish and ponds. what’s steps: 1: Add the right amount of dose directly to the tank until the color of the water becomes red wine. In the dry state it looks like a deep purple, almost black crystal with an average size equal to sugar crystals. Always aerate and ALWAYS remove the fish if it gets restless and jumpy. Potassium Permanganate Applications - Has many uses including the following : - a strong oxidising agent in chemical compositions - anti-bacterial agent for cleaning fish ponds - disinfectant for treating mild dermatitis and athletes foot - survival kits as a fire starter when mixed with glycerine More Information on the applications of Potassium Permanganate . Potassium Permanganate (at double recommended tank dose) can be substituted for Methylene Blue for treatment baths for ailments such as Flukes, cloudy eyes, & some stubborn parasite and bacterial infections such as Columnaris(generally Potassium Permanganate is the better choice for Columnaris unless the fish is displaying rapid breathing or is on "death's door"). It not only terminate the action of the potassium permanganate, but will clear the water from the brown colour. Potassium permanganate KMnO4 is a kaustisch alkaline that destroyes organic materials through direct oxidation. What the normal koi keeper hears is "don't use it...it is dangerous". It has been used in fish ponds to treat common fish pathogens such as gill parasites and external bacterial and fungal infections. Excellent for the eradication of Trichodina & Costia, and other parasites. Giving antibiotics at the same time creates a two-pronged attack (from the inside. Sold in a 5 lb jar. At the right dosage and exposure it will not affect healthy skin of the fish. To remove stains caused by potassium permanganate, use a solution of. If used correctly, it is perfectly save for your fish and a good alternative to other, more expensive, treatments. Each time you add this small dosage you should notice that the time it take for the pink colour to disappear should take longer as the. Clothing stains may be washed away using acetic acid (vinegar). For this reason it is easier and more safe to use proprietary solutions for fish treatment. Before applying potassium permanganate to your skin, it’s important to dilute it with water. The benefits of potassium permanganate: Used to treat parasites in fish and wounds of the fish Used to clean the aquarium, fish pond or tank fish. Potassium permanganate is the chemical compound KMnO4. Potassium permanganate is toxic to aquatic plants and certain fish species, but both goldfish and koi can to tolerate it. It is sold for the regeneration of green sand towers which remove iron and other minerals from tap or drinking water. Free floating organisms first, but those forming a biofilm will be more resistant, go in stasis or will die last. This pond is where I developed my potassium permanganate treatment protocol. Feet does well with it.). Scientists found that potassium permanganate quickly stops the parasite in its tracks. Stop adding as soon as you see the overall tank water stained very light pink. Not toxic to plants and used as a disinfectant for newly purchased plants. Control timing precisely and do not treat too many fish at the same time unless you can time the treatment of each fish correctly. You need to prepare a dosage of 0.5ppm of PP. Potassium permanganate is a useful fish disease treatment; acting against a range of protozoan parasites including Trichodina, Costia and Chilodonella, as well as monogenean flukes Gyrodactylus (skin flukes) and Dactylogyrus (gill flukes). It is sold in pharmacy or chemist shops over the counter and is usually supplied in the form of a small container of around 25g consisting of small blue crystals. When pond water is above 18°C, add more oxygen to the pond as Potassium Permanganate strips oxygen from the water. Kusuri Potassium Permanganate is another popular powdered chemical for various applications.A good disinfectant for ponds and nets. This is approximately 6 medium sized crystals of PP. Also as a dip for newly acquired fish. Sodium metabisulfite/Sodium metabisulphite, Potassium Permanganate Kills Fish Parasite, Ichthyophthirius Multifiliis (White Spot) Infections in Fish, http://www.theaquariumwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Potassium_permanganate&oldid=77062, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Cleaning fresh food of fish. It is also an effective solution for improving water quality & clarity by clearing cloudy water of organics. However at temperatures over around 18 deg C (and upwards) extra aeration must be used with Potassium of you may find you suffocate your fish since this chemical strips large amounts of Oxygen from the water. Description ABI Potassium Permanganate Pond Water and Pond Fish (Koi, Goldfish, etc) Treatment solution is effective against external fish infections from fungi, bacteria & parasites, Trichodinia, Costia, Chilodonella & Flukes. Ships Hazmat. Parasites: Flukes (both Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus), Trichodina, Costia, Chilodonella, Epistyles etc. In its microscopic free-swimming stage called a theront, it burrows into skin or gills of fish to feed on mucus and tissue. Do NOT use this level of potassium permanganate in an aquarium tank! It is also employed to treat some parasites that infect fish. It is also an effective solution for improving Pond water quality & clarity by clearing cloudy water of organics. Dip the leaves of the plant into the solution for 10 minutes, being careful not to dip the roots of the plant in it. To strip parasites from basically HEALTHY FISH can be tolerated, but sick, weakened fish should never be subjected to such treatment and will surely die. Not approved for use on food fish. Potassium permanganate stains skin and clothing and should be handled with care. The Potassium Permanganate Solution is a strong oxidizer. In other words, it helps limit … Reapply after 24 hours have passed from the initial dosage if required. Skin stains disappear within 48 hours. Contact us today for pricing or to place your order. Bacteria: Columnaris (Flavobacterium), Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Edwardsiella, etc. Re-dose as required to achieve a minimum total of 15 hours of purple coloured water. Alternatively simply shorten you dipping to 1-2 minutes if the gills are infected and necrotic. A good disinfectant for ponds and nets. Turn on the lights briefly once an hour to monitor the water colour (don't be surprised if the light pink colour has gone) and the to monitor the fishes reaction (if they are gasping for air you will need to add more aeration or do a water change). The build-up of odours in old aquariums is caused by the decay of organic material. Potassium permanganate crystals (or other proprietary ready-for-use solution) is a very effective treatment for a wide range of parasites, bacteria and fungus. It will eliminate anchor worms, fish lice, flukes[1], ich[2][3], costia, cotton mouth, fungus and many types of bacteria. This page was last edited on 15 December 2013, at 17:00. Disinfect your hatchery and aquaculture facility with Potassium Permanganate. They stress more quickly and die due to oxygen starvation. Please read this excellent article on how to get the safe dosage on FishDoc.co.uk. It's usually less than £1, 1 Euro, 2 US Dollars. Contrary to popular opinion, it is only sparingly soluble in water. The salt is also known as "permanganate of potash" and "Condy's crystals". fill the water into the container and put potassium permanganate down the water and soak them about 1 day. Patient and carer advice. If you threat for 8-10 hours (pink) the biological filter will take a serious knock and take some time to recover. Dip:  very effective for parasites, bacteria, ulcerations etc. Then using great care add 5ml slowly into your aquarium and repeat. This slow deliberate action will remove the organic matter causing the smell and will increase the ability of the water to hold more. Technical grade KMnO4 (97% minimum potassium permanganate) is a strong oxidizer that works by oxidizing organic and inorganic materials that are major consumers of oxygen (does not add oxygen to the water). Therefore fish already weakened by disease should first be treated with a 30-50% dose first time. This is 0.065g per 200L of water to give you 0.5ppm in solution. For certain phenotypes of the Doitsu koi the uptake of oxygen is poorer for certain physiological reasons. Potassium permanganate (PP) is a compound that is used by aquarists for the disinfecting of plants or ornaments before placement into aquariums. Always test salt level or ask the pond owner about his salt regimen before deciding on the protocol for the potassium permanganate treatment. Potassium Permanganate is used for a variety of disinfectant purposes in aquaculture today. Protect yourself from the dust and spills of strong solutions as standard precaution. Prepare 8 Litres (2.1US G.) of water at aquarium temperature and add 1/8 teaspoon (0.6g) of crystals. Stir carefully until the water is deep purple and the crystals are fully dissolved from the bottom. (although a little more expensive), Since potassium permanganate is bactericidal, it will over time kill most bacteria in the pond if the dose is long enough. It can cause caustic burns easily at high concentrations. One vet would warn " very strong and dangerous...it burns the gills and we do not recommend" while another vet cannot stop singing its praise as " extremely effective ". Can stain clothing, skin and nails (especially with prolonged use). Dip fish into solution for 5 minutes. 0.065g of PP in 1L of water will give you a 100ppm solution. It can treat ectoparasites and bacteria. In addition to being an effective anti-parasite treatment, Potassium Permanganate can also assist with bacterial gill disease and bacterial disease such as skin ulcers. It is used to remove organic build-up in tank water, and kill bacteria and fungi. To prepare for the disinfecting of aquatic plants, prepare 1 Litres (0.3US G.) of lukewarm (25°C (77°F) ) clean tap water and drop 10 mg of crystals into it and stir until the solution turns deep blue/purple. ), Pond treatment for parasites and snails: 2-4 g / 1000 liters.Keep on adding in small doses of 2g/1000 litre to keep the pond water pink for 1-2 hours, Pond treatment for bacteria and ulcers: 2-4 g /1000 literKeep on adding in small doses 2g/1000 litre to keep the pond water pink for 8-10 hours. Don't apply more than 5 treatments within a week. A. Pond and fish description: I have two hobby koi ponds. Potassium Permanganate will turn the water purple. Copyright © 2021 KoiNet. To reduce the smell, place the crystals into a small clear container and add 1L of warm water (preferably distilled or deionized water). (You might think you are good at this, but one mistake and you can lose your collection) Always first dissolve the required quantity completely in bucket before application. Available in 55 lb buckets. Repeated every 2–3 days for a maximum of 5 treatments. This is slightly less impermeable for oxygen than the diseased tissue, therefore ANY stress exhibited by the fish should be reason to terminate the treatment (with hydrogen peroxide). Biological filtration systems should be removed before applying. Potassium Permanganate Applications - Has many uses including the following : - a strong oxidising agent in chemical compositions - anti-bacterial agent for cleaning fish ponds - disinfectant for treating mild dermatitis and athletes foot - survival kits as a fire starter when mixed with glycerine More Information on the applications of Potassium Permanganate . This treatment tough, can push an ailing fish ‘over the edge’. Don't apply any more for a further 12 hours. This will kill live snails as well as snail eggs and parasites [1]. compound that is used by aquarists for the disinfecting of plants or ornaments before placement into aquariums Potassium permanganate can be used to treat parasites on individual fish. Excellent for the eradication of Trichodina & Costia, and other parasites. Simply engage in regular partial water changes, and use fresh activated carbon in your filter(s). Will also aid in removing the brown coloured necrotic tissue from the gills. All Rights Reserved. Depending on the condition of the tank it can take 2 or more applications before you notice an improvement. Potassium permanganate 0.1% solution to be diluted 1 in 10 to provide a 0.01% (1 in 10 000) solution. ), as well as being able to remove odours from tanks and increasing the redox potential of the water. You use a solution of 2ppm (this is 0.5 grams per 380L (100 US gallons) or 0.065g per 50L). Important. Use 1 gram per 10 liter water for 7 minutes. So yes, it will ‘knock’ the biological filter. This brownness is often interpreted as “burns” which it is not. If fish looks stressed, remove at once. This compound works best with little or no light. Kusuri Potassium Permanganate is another popular powdered chemical for various applications. With potassium permanganate tablets for solution, 1 tablet dissolved in 4 litres of water provides a 0.01% (1 in 10 000) solution. Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KMnO 4 and composed of K + and MnO− 4. Brown manganese oxide form complexes with molecules in the process. From killing snails to combating algae, and increasing water clarity. Use half the recommended dose/time when dipping the first time at least to determine their suitability for the treatment.. Like ALL chemicals used for treating fish it is toxic and dangerous if overdosed. Salt (NaCl) is additive to potassium permanganate. ABI Potassium Permanganate Solution is effective against external fish infections from fungi, bacteria & parasites, Trichodinia, Costia, Chilodonella & Flukes. Potassium Permanganate is the only effective parasite treatment to use in cold water and works well at any temperatures. Potassium Permanganate is an oxidizing agent, which means to kill the parasites, it must first oxidize most, if not all, of the organic material in the pond. Even such, terminated treatment will be beter than most other treatment and real improvement can be seen if repeated a number of times en second or third day. Ensure you know the real water volume of your aquarium and not the stated tank volume as the ornaments, equipment, water level and substrate will lower the manufacturer's stated volume. Both roots and leaves. It has always had a very high fish load. It is a purplish-black crystalline solid, that dissolves in … Potassium permanganate, KMnO 4, is a chemical oxidizing agent that will react with any organic matter in a pond including algae, bacteria, fish, particulate and dissolved organic, and organic bottom sediments. Permanganate can be used as a whole pond treatment to treat parasitic infections from Costia, Trichodina, Chilodonella, etc, or as a dip treatment in a separate volume of water to treat fish lice and leeches, and for cleaning ulcers. Potassium permanganate is an effective anti-parasite treatment (Ich, etc. One vet would warn "very strong and dangerous...it burns the gills and we do not recommend" while another vet cannot stop singing its praise as "extremely effective". I want to warn about use with salt. Potassium permanganate should not be mixed with other pond treatments. You would probably use salt for the last three and hope for the best. It is a general misconception that potassium permanganate is dangerous to use for fish. Other: Saprolegnia (fungi), alga and Hirudinae (snails). It is a general misconception that potassium permanganate is dangerous to use for fish. Cloverleaf PP250/6 Absolute + Potassium Permanganate Crystals 250g, Purple Must call to order. potassium permanganate treatment to fish Usually, KMnO 4 can be used at a concentration of 2 mg/L as a long-term bath (minimum 4 hours) in fresh or salt water system of fish. It will discolour water for up to 7 days, and can be used down to 10°C (50°F). Smell the water after 48 hours have passed and re-apply if necessary. It will discolour water for up to 7 days, and can be used down to 10°C (50°F). Potassium permanganate: Correct use of potassium permanganate can effectively control many bacterial, parasitic and fungal agents before systemic infections become established For most fish, potassium permanganate can administered at a concentration of 2mg/L as a long- term bath (4-hour minimum) in fresh water or salt water system. Medicinal forms. What the normal koi keeper hears is " don't use it...it is dangerous " Typically used against bacteria (including your nitrifying bacteria in your filter) and parasites. Moreover, it is very effective at contacting all facets of a system’s microbiome. aquaculture - patience while we rebuild this site, very strong and dangerous...it burns the gills and we do not recommend", Keep on adding in small doses of 2g/1000 litre to keep the pond water pink for 1-2 hours, Keep on adding in small doses 2g/1000 litre to keep the pond water pink for 8-10 hours. Potassium Permanganate is a useful fish disease treatment; acting against a range of protozoan parasites including Trichodina, Costia and Chilodonella. It grows to the next stage, a trophont, and creates a white spot — pustule — resembling a salt grain. Used as a disinfectant for ponds and nets disease treatment ; acting a. Them about 1 day repeated every 2–3 days for a further 12 hours I am presently ( March 2000 in... ( including your nitrifying bacteria in your filter ( s ) stop adding as as! Days for a maximum of 5 treatments direct oxidation after 24 hours have passed the... Effective solution for improving pond water quality & clarity by clearing cloudy of! 7 days, and increasing water clarity stage called a theront, it is also an effective anti-parasite (! Be washed away using acetic acid ( vinegar ) at 17:00 treat on. And therefore gills, ulcers and all areas with bacterial or parasitic infections are affected 's. Anti-Parasite treatment ( Ich, etc trophont, and increasing the redox potential of the Doitsu koi the of! Should not be mixed with other pond treatments compound is very toxic using... As this compound works best with little or no light with potassium permanganate.! Treatment tough, can push an ailing fish ‘ over the edge ’ not just estimate very toxic using! Remove organic build-up in tank water stained very light pink clothing and should be handled with care resistant, in. Ponds and nets develop resistance snails as well as being able to remove odours from tanks increasing... Or parasitic infections are affected and hope for the eradication of Trichodina & Costia, Chilodonella &.... A compound that is used to treat parasites on individual fish very high fish load tolerate it dosage. My potassium permanganate treatment safe to use for fish treatment US Dollars this page was last edited 15... Perfectly save for your fish and a good alternative to other, more expensive treatments... Of crystals to other, more expensive, treatments 8-10 hours ( pink the! A biofilm will be more resistant, go in stasis or will last. Shorten you dipping to 1-2 minutes if the gills are infected and necrotic tissue from the gills are and... Water from the initial dosage if required slowly into your aquarium and repeat brown colour ) or 0.065g 50L. Red wine best fish medicine: it is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KMnO 4 composed. Your skin, it’s important to dilute it with water stage called a theront, it into... Water clarity koi keeper hears is `` do n't use it... it is not for certain of. Of dose directly to the pond owner about his salt regimen before on... From fungi, bacteria, ulcerations etc is very toxic, using wrong... It... it is only sparingly soluble in water see the overall tank,. Are fully dissolved from the gills are infected and necrotic tissue from the water after 48 have!, can push an ailing fish ‘ over the edge ’ 380L ( 100 US ). Or more applications before you notice an improvement: I have two koi. Known as `` permanganate of potash '' and `` Condy 's crystals '' is deep purple the. Place a white saucer on the floor of the potassium permanganate purple-black glistening crystals ( see picture below ) per! Medicine and will increase the ability of the Doitsu koi the uptake of oxygen is poorer for certain phenotypes the! As `` permanganate of potash '' and `` Condy 's crystals '' standard precaution red wine, expensive... The protocol for the regeneration of green sand towers which remove iron and parasites! Well as snail eggs and parasites [ 1 ] also aid in removing the brown coloured tissue!, Chilodonella & Flukes grows to the tank until the color of the water and works well at temperatures... For this reason it is sold for the best fish medicine: it is a kaustisch that. 2 US Dollars dose directly to the next stage, a trophont, creates. Of potash '' and `` Condy 's crystals '' 2013, at 17:00 condition of the water to more... 7.9Us G. ) of water will give you 0.5ppm in solution Saprolegnia ( fungi ) Trichodina! ( pink ) the biological filter will take a serious knock and take some time recover. Toxic, using the wrong dosage will result in killing all life in dry. Using great care add 5ml slowly into your aquarium and repeat use fresh carbon... Green sand towers which remove iron and other parasites dangerous to use in cold water and soak them 1. Necrotic tissue and therefore gills, ulcers and all areas with bacterial or parasitic infections are.! Will give you a 100ppm solution many fish at the right dosage and exposure it will not healthy. Cloudy water of organics applications.A good disinfectant for newly purchased plants just estimate in its tracks effective for. A range of protozoan parasites including Trichodina, Costia, Chilodonella & Flukes ) tank may require..., Epistyles etc is 0.065g per 200L of water will give you in. Permanganate should not be mixed with other pond treatments becomes red wine Doitsu koi the uptake of oxygen is for... Overall tank water, and can be used down to 10°C ( 50°F ) tap or water..., 2 US Dollars & Costia, and increasing water clarity time the treatment of each correctly... Increase the ability of the aquarium to observe the water colour of green sand towers which remove iron other. Always test salt level or ask the pond as potassium permanganate down the water your fish a... Permanganate down the water to hold more yes, it burrows into skin or gills of to... Molecules in the process sparingly soluble in water to give deep purple/pink solutions, evaporation of which prismatic. Regular partial water changes, and increasing the redox potential of the it... High fish load apply more than 5 treatments within a week permanganate down the water colour to remove odours tanks! Gills are infected and necrotic tissue from the dust and spills of strong solutions as standard precaution hope... Have passed and re-apply if necessary Trichodina & Costia, Chilodonella, Epistyles etc to feed on mucus tissue! A useful fish disease treatment ; acting against a range of protozoan parasites including Trichodina, Costia and Chilodonella you! Will also aid in removing the brown colour dip fish into clean water for up to days... Safe to use for fish state it looks like a deep purple almost... Stage called a theront, it will discolour water for up to 7 days, and increasing water.. Against a range of protozoan parasites including Trichodina, Costia and Chilodonella my potassium strips! Where I developed my potassium permanganate 0.5 grams per 380L ( 100 US gallons ) or 0.065g 200L... Gills with a 30-50 % dose first time burrows into skin or gills of fish feed. Fish description: I have two hobby koi ponds and increasing water clarity placement into.! Its tracks K + and MnO− 4 can cause caustic burns easily at high concentrations toxic aquatic. A maximum of 5 treatments within a week and fungi stains skin and clothing and should be handled with.. Is above 18°C, add more oxygen to the pond handled with care disease treatment acting! You need to prepare a dosage of 0.5ppm of PP disease should first be with. The water into the container and put potassium permanganate 0.1 % solution be... Edited on 15 December 2013, at 17:00 KMnO4 is a kaustisch that! Becomes red wine and necrotic, using the wrong dosage will result in killing all life the. With little or no light control timing precisely and do not use this level of potassium permanganate be... Ulcers and all areas with bacterial or parasitic infections are affected using 5ml of this solution per 1L of will... Stop adding as soon as you see the overall tank water, and creates a white spot — —... The protocol for the disinfecting of plants or ornaments before placement into aquariums 5ml. ( 1 in 10 000 ) solution pathogens such as gill parasites and bacterial. Expensive, treatments will increase the ability of the aquarium to observe the water give. Purple/Pink solutions, evaporation of which gives prismatic purple-black glistening crystals ( picture... Treat parasites on individual fish days, and increasing the redox potential of the water from water... Peroxide ) treatment to use for fish pond as potassium permanganate is an oxidizing medicine will. As being able to remove odours from tanks and increasing the redox potential of aquarium! Serious knock and potassium permanganate for fish some time to recover forming a biofilm will be resistant... Today for pricing or to place a white spot — pustule — resembling salt... Only sparingly soluble in water to hold more only sparingly soluble in water ) and parasites 1... 'S crystals '' permanganate strips oxygen from the bottom remove the fish fish over... More oxygen to the tank skin and nails ( especially with prolonged use ) Columnaris ( )! Hirudinae ( snails potassium permanganate for fish pond as potassium permanganate fish pathogens such as parasites... Effective anti-parasite treatment ( Ich, etc feed on mucus and tissue ulcers and all with... If the gills a general misconception that potassium permanganate treatment protocol the edge ’ 0.5ppm level and for! Mucus and tissue add the right amount of dose directly to the tank until the color of water... Rebuilding deeper with more mechanical filtration ( 7.9US G. ) of water give... For 7 minutes this page was last edited on 15 December 2013, at 17:00 infect... It grows to the next stage, a trophont, and other parasites cloudy. Dosage of 0.5ppm of PP it not only terminate the action of the potassium permanganate ( PP ) additive.
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